Chemical constituents from leaves of Craibiodendron yunnanense / 中国中药杂志

The present study investigated the chemical constituents from the leaves of Craibiodendron yunnanense. The compounds were isolated and purified from the leaves of C. yunnanense by a combination of various chromatographic techniques including column chromatography over polyamide, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and reversed-phase HPLC. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analyses including MS and NMR data. As a result, 10 compounds, including melionoside F(1), meliosmaionol D(2), naringenin(3), quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside(4), epicatechin(5), quercetin-3'-glucoside(6), corbulain Ib(7), loliolide(8), asiatic acid(9), and ursolic acid(10), were isolated. Compounds 1 and 2 were two new compounds, and compound 7 was isolated from this genus for the first time. All compounds showed no significant cytotoxic activity by MTT assay.

Dormancy of Floral Buds of Rabbiteye Blueberry in a Mild Winter Climate

Abstract Blueberry is an important fruit crop, with many health benefits. Despite its importance, much remains to be studied concerning the dormancy dynamics in rabbiteye cultivars growing in a mild winter climate. In this research, the dormancy in blueberry, rabbiteye cultivars 'Bluegem', 'Climax', 'Delite', and 'Powderblue', was studied in a mild winter region. The single-node cuttings biological test and the evaluation of the hydric status were performed in dormant winter reproductive buds. These experiments were performed during fall and winter in one year (2016). Moreover, chilling hours under or equal to 7.2 ºC were measured, and chill units were calculated according to Utah Model [1], Modified Utah Model [2], and Blueberry Model [3]. In conclusion, the four cultivars showed a similar pattern, revealing a dormant state in the initial sampling dates and a released dormancy in the final treatments, showing the decrease of dormancy in June and July. However, Delite was earlier than the other cultivars. Bluegem and Delite required 134.0 chilling hours, 127.0 chill units (Utah Model), 198.5 chill units (Modified Utah Model), and 971.5 chill units (Blueberry Model) for 50% of their green tip buds reach the opened bud stage. Climax required 44.0, -11.0, 56.5, and 440.5, respectively. And Powderblue required 44.0, 5.5, 77.0, and 725.0 respectively. This study can bring some insights into crop management and production of this important fruit crop, especially in a global climate-changing scenario, related to flowering and dormancy control, as well as helping to select suitable cultivars to a region, concerning chilling requirements.

Estudio fitoquímico y actividad antiinflamatoria de hojas, flores y frutos de Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. (Pegamosco) / Phytochemical study and anti-inflammatory activity of leaves, flowers and fruits of Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. (pegamosco)

Introducción: Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. es una especie vegetal conocida en Colombia como pegamosco; es empleada por diferentes comunidades para atrapar insectos y para el tratamiento de dolencias respiratorias; además, es una especie que cuenta con escasos estudios desde el punto de vista químico y biológico. Objetivos: contribuir al estudio fitoquímico de las hojas, flores y frutos de B. resinosa (Ericaceae) y evaluar su actividad antiinflamatoria. Métodos: hojas, flores y frutos por separado fueron extraídos por maceración en frío con éter de petróleo y etanol 96 por ciento; estos extractos se fraccionaron por partición líquido/líquido y métodos cromatográficos; su actividad antiinflamatoria se evaluó utilizando el modelo murino de edema auricular inducido por 13-acetato de 12-tetradecanoilforbol (TPA). La elucidación estructural de los compuestos aislados se llevó a cabo mediante las técnicas de CG-EM y RMN (experimentos 1H, 13C, COSY, J-MOD, HSQC y HMBC). Resultados: la separación de los extractos y fracciones por cromatografías en columna, en capa delgada y preparativa, permitieron obtener una mezcla de compuestos tipo triterpeno compuesta por germanicol, -amirina y -amirina y el aislamiento de lupeol, salicilato de metilo, 3,5,7,3´,4´ pentahidroxiflavona (quercetina), 3,5-dihidroxi-6,7,8-trimetoxiflavona y 3,5,7,3´,4´ pentahidroxiflavanol. Se encontró que la fracción que contiene la mezcla de triterpenos y la quercetina fueron las que presentaron un efecto antiinflamatorio mayor al 65 por ciento. Conclusiones: el estudio fitoquímico de la especie vegetal B. resinosa permitió establecer similitud en cuanto a la composición química de los diferentes órganos ya que se encontraron metabolitos secundarios comunes para hojas flores y frutos como la mezcla de triterpenos, lupeol y quercetina; además se logró establecer que la mezcla de triterpenos y la quercetina son fuertes agentes antiinflamatorios, pues redujeron significativamente el edema causado por el TPA en la oreja del ratón con porcentajes de inhibición cercanos a los presentados por el fármaco de referencia, indometacina(AU)

Introduction: Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. is a plant species known as pegamosco in Colombia. It is used by several communities to catch insects and to treat respiratory disorders. Few chemical and biological studies have been conducted about this species. Objectives: Contribute to the phytochemical study of leaves, flowers and fruits of B. resinosa (Ericaceae) and evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: Leaves, flowers and fruits were extracted separately by cold maceration with petroleum ether and 96 percent ethanol. The extracts obtained were fractioned using liquid / liquid partition and chromatographic methods. Their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated with the mouse model of ear edema induced by 12-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Structural characterization of the compounds isolated was based on GC-MS and NMR techniques (experiments 1H, 13C, COSY, J-MOD, HSQC and HMBC). Results: Separation of extracts and fractions by thin-layer and preparative column chromatography made it possible to obtain a mixture of triterpene compounds made up of germanicol, α-amyrin and ß-amyrin, and isolate lupeol, methyl salicylate, 3,5,7,3´,4´ pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin), 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimetoxyflavona and 3,5,7,3´,4´-pentahydroxyflavanol. It was found that the fraction containing the mixture of triterpenes and quercetin had an anti-inflammatory effect above 65 percent. Conclusions: The phytochemical study of the plant species B. resinosa revealed similarities between the chemical composition of the different organs, since common secondary metabolites were found in leaves, flowers and fruits, such as the mixture of triterpenes, lupeol and quercetin. It was also established that the mixture of triterpenes and quercetin is a strong anti-inflammatory agent, for it significantly reduced the mouse ear edema caused by TPA with inhibition percentages close to those of the drug of reference indometacin(AU)

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. in hyperlipidemic rats: An evidence of participation of oxidative stress in hyperlipidemia.

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity profiles of ethanolic extracts of Symplocos racemosa (EESR) were studied by triton-WR1339 (acute) and high fat diet induced (chronic) hyperlipidemic rat models. In both the models, a significant increase in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and decrease in high density lipoproteins (HDL) in serum were observed. EESR (200 and 400 mg/kg) and simvastatin (10 mg/kg) administered orally reduced the elevated serum lipids (TC, TG, VLDL, LDL), restored the decreased HDL and improved the atherogenic index. In high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic model, EESR treatment prevented the increased formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver, restored the depleted liver antioxidants, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase significantly. The increased liver cholesterol, HMG-CoA reductase activity and body weight of hyperlipidemic rats were significantly reduced by EESR treatment. The EESR inhibited HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, thereby causing hypolipidemic effects. EESR treatment also improved histoarchitecture of hepatocytes in hyperlipidemic rats. Experimental findings demonstrated anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of EESR, which may be directly or indirectly related to its antioxidant activity. The hypolipidemic activity of EESR may be due to the presence of flavonoids phenolic compounds, phenolic glycosides and steroids.

Effects of isoquercitrin from Craibiodendron yunnanense on osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells / 中国中药杂志

Natural products especially flavonoids are being explored for their therapeutic potentials in reducing bone loss and maintaining bone health. The present study is to investigate the effects of isoquercitrin from Craibiodendron yunnanense with different concentrations at 1 x 10(-4), 1 x 10(-5), 1 x 10(-6), 1 x 10(-7) mol x L(-1) on proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 kit at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of culture. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were performed qualitatively and quantitatively on day 7, and alizarin red S staining was employed to access the mineralization of cells on day 21. The osteogenic markers ALP, collagen type I (COL 1A1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2) and Osterix were detected to analysis early osteogenic differentiation of cells on day 3 by RT-PCR. The results showed that isoquercitrin had a dose-dependent effect on the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, mineralization and gene expression of MC3T3-E1 in the range from 1 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1). At concentrations above 1 x 10(-4) mol x L(-1) isoquercitrin showed cytotoxicity, while 1 x 10(-6) mol x L(-1) is the optimal concentration of isoquercitrin to improve the osteoblastic activity. All these results implied that isoquercitrin might be the major composition of traditional Chinese medicine C. yunnanense to treat bone fractures.

Evaluación del color y la posición de trampas en la captura de cicadélidos en Gaultheria phillyreifolia (Ericaceae) afectadas por fitoplasmas / Evaluation of trap color and position on the capture of cicadellids in Gaultheria phillyreifolia (Ericaceae) affected by phytoplasmas

Color sticky traps are one of the main alternatives to collect insect vectors, as they are easy to handle and are inexpensive. We aimed to compare the effect of color and height of the traps on the attractiveness to potential cicadellids vectors of plant pathogens. Yellow and green colored stick traps were placed at two different heights in plant of Gaultheria phillyreifolia. Seventeen leafhopper species were identified, with Ribautiana tenerrima Herrich-Shãffer (49 percent), Carelmapu ramosi Linnavuori & DeLong (33 percent), Carelmapu aurionitens Linnavuori (5 percent) and Atanus sp. (6 percent) being the most common. All these species were significantly attracted by yellow sticky traps. Ribautiana tenerrima was the only species affected by the height of the sticky traps. However, this was also dependent on the sampling season. The phytoplasma vector candidate, C. ramosi, showed two population peaks in early and late summer, which may indicate two different generations. Males of this species were more abundant than females on sticky traps, but were both similarly attracted to yellow sticky traps. No differences were detected in the capture efficiency of both sexes at any height of the traps. The high proportion of C. ramosi captured suggests that the yellow sticky traps can be an important element for monitoring this species.

Las trampas pegajosas de colores son una de las principales alternativas en la captura de insectos vectores, debido a su bajo costo y su fácil implementación. El objetivo fue comparar las preferencias a los colores y la altura de colocación de trampas para los posibles cicadélidos vectores de fitopatógenos. Trampas pegajosas amarillas y verdes fueron colocadas en plantas de Gaultheria phillyreifolia a dos distintas alturas. Se diferenciaron 17 especies de cicadélidos, siendo Ribautiana tenerrima Herrich-Shãffer (49 por ciento), Carelmapu ramosi Linnavuori & DeLong, Carelmapu aureonitens Linnavuori (33 y 5 por ciento), Atanus sp. (6 por ciento) las especies más comunes. Todas estas especies se vieron significativamente atraídas por trampas de color amarillo. Ribautiana tenerrima fue la única especie afectada por la altura de las trampas pegajosas, aunque este efecto fue influenciado por la temporada de colecta. La especie candidato a vector, C. ramosi, presentó dos curvas de crecimiento al inicio y finales del verano, lo cual puede representar la emergencia de dos generaciones distintas. Machos de esta especie fueron más abundantes que las hembras en las trampas pegajosas, pero ambos con una similar preferencia hacia el color amarillo. Además, no se detectaron diferencias en la posición de las trampas en la captura de ambos sexos. La alta proporción capturada de C. ramosi, sugiere que trampas de color amarillo pueden ser um elemento importante en el monitoreo de esta especie.

Phenolic glucosides from the leaves of Pieris japonica / 药学学报

The aim of the study is to investigate chemical constituents of the leaves of Pieris japonica. The isolation and purification of the constituents were performed by various chromatography and spectral analysis. Three new phenolic glucosides, erythro-syringoylglycerol 4-O-beta-D-glucoside (1), 1-(2-beta-D-glucopyranoxyl-4-methoxyl-6-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxyl-l-propanone (3), erythro-l-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3-beta-D-glucopyranoxypropyl)-2 ,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]-1, 3-propanediol (4), along with five known phenolic glucosides, syringoylglycerol 8-O-beta-D-glucoside (2), magnolenin C (5), syringaresinol mono-beta-D-glucoside (6), 3-(4-hydroxyl-3-methyphenyl)-1 -propanol-l-O-beta-D-glucoside (7) and 3, 5-dimethoxyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-O-beta-D-glucoside (8) were isolated and identified from the plant leaves. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited significantly (P <0.01) the proliferation of murine T and B cells at concentration of 1 x 10(-6) mol L(-1), in vitro.

Studies on chemical constituents from roots of Craibiodendron henryi / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Craibiodendron henryi.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Various chromatographic techniques were used to isolate and purify the constituents. The structures were elucidated by chemical evidence and spectral methods.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Twelve compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the 95% ethanolic extract and their struc- tures were elucidated as quercetin (1), quercetin-3-O-rhamnicoside (2), quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside (3), (-)-epicatechin (4), proanthocyanidin A-2 (5), procyanidin B-2 (6), (-)-isolariciresinol-2a-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside (7), lyoniside (8), sitoster-yl-3beta-glucoside-6'-O-palmitate (9), beta-sitosterol (10), daucosterol (11) and octacosanoic acid (12).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 1-12 were isolated from this plant for the first time.</p>

Propagação vegetativa via estaquia de azaléia-arbórea (Rhododendron Tomsonii HOOK.f.) / Vegetative propagation by cuttings of azaléia tree(Rhododendron thomsonii HOOK. f.) / Vegetative propagation by cuttings of azalélia tree (Rhododendron thomsonii HOOK.f. )

Rhododendron thomsonii (Ericaceae) é uma espécie lenhosa, ornamental originária da China cujas sementes são utilizadas exclusivamente para produção de híbridos, sendo a propagação vegetativa uma ferramenta viável para a produção de mudas em larga escala. Com a finalidade de avaliar o enraizamento desta espécie para estacas colhidas na primavera (setembro/2004), foram selecionadas plantas-matrizes adultas situadas no município de Curitiba-PR. As estacas semilenhosas foram obtidas com comprimento aproximado de 12cm, cortadas em bisel na parte inferior e em corte reto na parte superior, com duas folhas reduzidas à metade. O tratamento fitossanitário foi realizado utilizando-se imersão das estacas em hipoclorito de sódio 0,5 (10 minutos) seguida de lavagem em água corrente (5 minutos). Posteriormente as bases das estacas foram imersas em soluções alcoólicas (50) com diferentes concentrações de ácido indol butírico (IBA), (),1000,2000 e 4000mgL-1), e em talco (0,1000,2000 e 4000mgKg-1), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 4 repetições de 9 estacas por parcela. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o arranjo fatorial (4 X 2) entre as dosagens utilizadas e as formas de aplicação. As estacas foram plantadas em tubetes contendo vermiculita de granulometria média e mantidas em casa-de-vegetação climatizada por 70 dias. As avaliações compreenderam porcentagens de estacas enraizadas, com calos (sem raiz e com calos), vivas (sem raízes e sem calos) e mortas. Não houve enraizamento para estacas coletadas nesta época do ano. A análise de variância revelou que os fatores dosagens e formas de aplicação não apresentaram interação. Na comparação de médias para porcentagens de estacas vivas e mortas, os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas.

Rhododendron thomsonii (Ericaceae) is a chinese ornamental hardwood species. The seeds are usedjust for hybrids production, therefore, vegetative propagation is an appropriate way for large scale plantproduction. The rooting potential was evaluated in cuttings collected in spring/2004 from stock plants localized in Curitiba, Paraná. The stem cuttings were produced with 12 cm long, right cut upper and bevelbellow, with two half leaves and treated with sodium hypochlorite for ten minutes and current water forfive minutes. The cuttings basis were dipped in IBA treatments (0, 1000, 2000, 4000mgL-1) in alcoholicsolutions and talc (0, 1000, 2000, 4000 mgKg-1), totalling eight treatments with four replications of ninecuttings. Mean separation were made using a pair wise design (4X2) in a association between dosageand application ways. The cuttings were planted in vermiculite medium and maintained in greenhousefor 70 days. The evaluation included percentage of rooting, callus cuttings (without root with callus),alive and dead cuttings. No rooting was verified in cuttings collected in this season. The varianceanalysis showed no interactions between dosage and application ways